iOS exploit chain deploys LightSpy feature-rich malware

A watering hole was discovered on January 10, 2020 utilizing a full remote iOS exploit chain to deploy a feature-rich implant named LightSpy. The site appears to have been designed to target users in Hong Kong based on the content of the landing page. Since the initial activity, we released two private reports exhaustively detailing spread, exploits, infrastructure and LightSpy implants.

Landing page of watering hole site

We are temporarily calling this APT group “TwoSail Junk”. Currently, we have hints from known backdoor callbacks to infrastructure about clustering this campaign with previous activity. And we are working with colleagues to tie LightSpy with prior activity from a long running Chinese-speaking APT group, previously reported on as Spring Dragon/Lotus Blossom/Billbug(Thrip), known for their Lotus Elise and Evora backdoor malware. Considering that this LightSpy activity has been disclosed publicly by our colleagues from TrendMicro, we would like to further contribute missing information to the story without duplicating content. And, in our quest to secure technologies for a better future, we reported the malware and activity to Apple and other relevant companies.

This supplemental information can be difficult to organize to make for easy reading. In light of this, this document is broken down into several sections.

1. Deployment timeline – additional information clarifying LightSpy deployment milestone events, including both exploit releases and individual LightSpy iOS implant component updates.
2. Spreading – supplemental technical details on various techniques used to deliver malicious links to targets
3. Infrastructure – supplemental description of a TwoSail Junk RDP server, the LightSpy admin panel, and some related server-side javascript
4. Android implant and a pivot into evora – additional information on an Android implant and related infrastructure. After pivoting from the infrastructure in the previous section, we find related implants and backdoor malware, helping to connect this activity to previously known SpringDragon APT with low confidence.

More information about LightSpy is available to customers of Kaspersky Intelligence Reporting. Contact: intelreports@kaspersky.com

Deployment timeline

During our investigation, we observed the actor modifying some components involved in the exploit chain on February 7, 2020 with major changes, and on March 5, 2020 with minor ones.

Figure 1. Brief LightSpy event timeline

The first observed version of the WebKit exploit dated January 10, 2020 closely resembled a proof of concept (PoC), containing elements such as buttons, alert messages, and many log statements throughout. The second version commented out or removed many of the log statements, changed alert() to print() statements, and also introduced some language errors such as “your device is not support…” and “stab not find…”.

By analyzing the changes in the first stage WebKit exploit, we discovered the list of supported devices was also significantly extended:
Table 1. iOS version exploit support expansion

As seen above, the actor was actively changing implant components, which is why we are providing a full list of historical hashes in the IoC section at the end of this report. There were many minor changes that did not directly affect the functionality of each component, but there were also some exceptions to this that will be expanded on below. Based on our observations of these changes over a relatively short time frame, we can assess that the actor implemented a fairly agile development process, with time seemingly more important than stealthiness or quality.

One interesting observation involved the “EnvironmentalRecording” plugin (MD5: ae439a31b8c5487840f9ad530c5db391), which was a dynamically linked shared library responsible for recording surrounding audio and phone calls. On February 7, 2020, we noticed a new binary (MD5: f70d6b3b44d855c2fb7c662c5334d1d5) with the same name with no similarities to the earlier one. This new file did not contain any environment paths, version stamps, or any other traces from the parent plugin pattern. Its sole purpose was to clean up the implant components by erasing all files located in “/var/iolight/”, “/bin/light/”, and “/bin/irc_loader/”. We are currently unsure whether the actor intended to replace the original plugin with an uninstall package or if this was a result of carelessness or confusion from the rapid development process.

Another example of a possible mistake involved the “Screenaaa” plugin. The first version (MD5: 35fd8a6eac382bfc95071d56d4086945) that was deployed on January 10, 2020 did what we expected: it was a small plugin designed to capture a screenshot, create a directory, and save the captured file in JPEG format. However, the plugin (MD5: 7b69a20920d3b0e6f0bffeefdce7aa6c) with the same name that was packaged on February 7 had a completely different functionality. This binary was actually a LAN scanner based on MMLanScan, an open source project for iOS that helps scan a network to show available devices along with their MAC addresses, hostname, and manufacturer. Most likely, this plugin was mistakenly bundled up in the February 7 payload with the same name as the screenshot plugin.

Figure 2. LightSpy iOS implant component layout and communications

Spreading

We cannot say definitively that we have visibility into all of their spreading mechanisms. We do know that in past campaigns, precise targeting of individuals was performed over various social network platforms with direct messaging. And, both ours and previous reporting from others have documented TwoSail Junk’s less precise and broad use of forum posts and replies. These forum posts direct individuals frequenting these sites to pages hosting iframes served from their exploit servers. We add Telegram channels and Instagram posts to the list of communication channels abused by these attackers.

These sites and communication media are known to be frequented by some activist groups.

Figure 3. LightSpy iPhone infection steps

The initial watering hole site (hxxps://appledaily.googlephoto[.]vip/news[.]html) on January 10, 2020 was designed to mimic a well-known Hong Kong based newspaper “Apple Daily” by copy-pasting HTML content from the original:

Figure 4. Source of html page mimicking newspaper “Apple Daily”

However, at that time, we had not observed any indications of the site being purposely distributed in the wild. Based on our KSN detection statistics, we began seeing a massive distribution campaign beginning on February 18, 2020.

Table 2. LightSpy related iframe domains, urls, and first seen timestamps

Starting on February 18, the actors began utilizing a series of invisible iframes to redirect potential victims to the exploit site as well as the intended legitimate news site from the lure.

Figure 5. Source of html page with lure and exploit

Infrastructure

RDP Clues

The domain used for the initial watering hole page (googlephoto[.]vip) was registered through GoDaddy on September 24, 2019. No unmasked registration information was able to be obtained for this domain. The subdomain (appledaily.googlephoto[.]vip) began resolving to a non-parked IP address (103.19.9[.]185) on January 10, 2020 and has not moved since. The server is located in Singapore and is hosted by Beyotta Network, LLP.

At the time of our initial investigation, the server was listening on ports 80 (HTTP) and 3389 (RDP with SSL/TLS enabled). The certificate for the server was self-signed and created on December 16, 2019. Based on Shodan data as early as December 21, 2019, there was a currently logged in user detected whose name was “SeinandColt”.

Figure 6. Screenshot of RDP login page for the server 103.19.9[.]185

Admin Panel

The C2 server for the iOS payload (45.134.1[.]180) also appeared to have an admin panel on TCP port 50001.

The admin panel seems to be a Vue.js application bundled with Webpack. It contains two language packs: English and Chinese. A cursory analysis provides us the impression of actual scale of the framework:

If we take a closer look at the index.js file for the panel, some interesting configurations are visible, to include a user config, an application list, log list, and other interesting settings.

The “userConfig” variable indicates other possible platforms that may have been targeted by the same actors, such as linux, windows, and routers.

Another interesting setting includes the “app_list” variable which is commented out. This lists two common applications used for streaming and chat mostly in China (QQ and Miapoi). Looking further, we can also see that the default map coordinates in the config point directly to the Tian’anmen Gate in Beijing, however, most likely this is just a common and symbolic mapping application default for the center of Beijing.

Android implants and a pivot into “evora”

During analysis of the infrastructure related to iOS implant distribution we also found a link directing to Android malware – hxxp://app.hkrevolution[.]club/HKcalander[.]apk (MD5: 77ebb4207835c4f5c4d5dfe8ac4c764d).

According to artefacts found in google cache, this link was distributed through Telegram channels “winuxhk” and “brothersisterfacebookclub”, and Instagram posts in late November 2019 with a message lure in Chinese translated as “The Hong Kong People Calendar APP is online ~~~ Follow the latest Hong Kong Democracy and Freedom Movement. Click to download and support the frontline. Currently only Android version is available.”

Further technical analysis of the packed APK reveals the timestamp of its actual build – 2019-11-04 18:12:33. Also it uses the subdomain, sharing an iOS implant distribution domain, as its c2 server – hxxp://svr.hkrevolution[.]club:8002.

Its code contains a link to another related domain:

Checking this server, we found it hosted another related APK:

The distribution vector remains the same – Telegram channels:

The latest observed APK sample is hosted on a server that is unusual for the campaign context – xxinc-media[.]oss-cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs[.]com. We assume that the actors are taking steps to split the iOS and Android activities between different infrastructure pieces.

We had not observed any indications of this URL being distributed in the wild yet.

If we take a look closer at the domain poorgoddaay[.]com that not only hosted the malicious APK but also was a C2 for them, we can note that there are two subzones of particular interest to us:

• zg.poorgoddaay[.]com
• ns1.poorgoddaay[.]com

We were able to work with partners to pivot into a handful of “evora” samples that use the above two subzones as their C2. Taking that a step further, using our Kaspersky Threat Attribution Engine (KTAE), we can see that the partner samples using those subzones are 99% similar to previous backdoors deployed by SpringDragon.

We are aware of other related and recent “evora” malware samples calling back to these same subnets while targeting organizations in Hong Kong as well. These additional factors help lend at least low confidence to clustering this activity with SpringDragon/LotusBlossom/Billbug.

Conclusion

This particular framework and infrastructure is an interesting example of an agile approach to developing and deploying surveillance framework in Southeast Asia. This innovative approach is something we have seen before from SpringDragon, and LightSpy targeting geolocation at least falls within previous regional targeting of SpringDragon/LotusBlossom/Billbug APT, as does infrastructure and “evora” backdoor use.

Source: wikimedia.org

Indicators of Compromise

File hashes

payload.dylib
9b248d91d2e1d1b9cd45eb28d8adff71 (Jan 10, 2020)
4fe3ca4a2526088721c5bdf96ae636f4 (Feb 7, 2020)

ircbin.plist
e48c1c6fb1aa6c3ff6720e336c62b278 (Jan 10, 2020)

irc_loader
53acd56ca69a04e13e32f7787a021bb5 (Jan 10, 2020)

light
184fbbdb8111d76d3b1377b2768599c9 (Jan 10, 2020)
bfa6bc2cf28065cfea711154a3204483 (Feb 7, 2020)
ff0f66b7089e06702ffaae6025b227f0 (Mar 5, 2020)

baseinfoaaa.dylib
a981a42fb740d05346d1b32ce3d2fd53 (Jan 10, 2020)
5c69082bd522f91955a6274ba0cf10b2 (Feb 7, 2020)

browser
7b263f1649dd56994a3da03799611950 (Jan 10, 2020)

EnvironmentalRecording
ae439a31b8c5487840f9ad530c5db391 (Jan 10, 2020)
f70d6b3b44d855c2fb7c662c5334d1d5 (Feb 7, 2020)

FileManage
f1c899e7dd1f721265cc3e3b172c7e90 (Jan 10, 2020)
ea9295d8409ea0f1d894d99fe302070e (Feb 7, 2020)

ios_qq
c450e53a122c899ba451838ee5250ea5 (Jan 10, 2020)
f761560ace765913695ffc04dfb36ca7 (Feb 7, 2020)

ios_telegram
1e12e9756b344293352c112ba84533ea (Jan 10, 2020)
5e295307e4429353e78e70c9a0529d7d (Feb 7, 2020)

ios_wechat
187a4c343ff4eebd8a3382317cfe5a95 (Jan 10, 2020)
66d2379318ce8f74cfbd0fb26afc2084 (Feb 7, 2020)

KeyChain
db202531c6439012c681328c3f8df60c (Jan 10, 2020)

locationaaa.dylib
3e7094eec0e99b17c5c531d16450cfda (Jan 10, 2020)
06ff47c8108f7557bb8f195d7b910882 (Feb 7, 2020)

Screenaaa
35fd8a6eac382bfc95071d56d4086945 (Jan 10, 2020)
7b69a20920d3b0e6f0bffeefdce7aa6c (Feb 7, 2020)

ShellCommandaaa
a8b0c99f20a303ee410e460730959d4e (Jan 10, 2020)

SoftInfoaaa
8cdf29e9c6cca6bf8f02690d8c733c7b (Jan 10, 2020)

WifiList
c400d41dd1d3aaca651734d4d565997c (Jan 10, 2020)

Android malware
77ebb4207835c4f5c4d5dfe8ac4c764d
fadff5b601f6fca588007660934129eb
5d2b65790b305c186ef7590e5a1f2d6b

Past similar SpringDragon evora
1126f8af2249406820c78626a64d12bb
33782e5ba9067b38d42f7ecb8f2acdc8

Domains and IPs

Implant c2
45.134.1[.]180 (iOS)
45.134.0[.]123 (Android)
app.poorgoddaay[.]com (Android)
svr[.]hkrevolution[.]club (Android)

WebKit exploit landing
45.83.237[.]13
messager[.]cloud

Spreading
appledaily.googlephoto[.]vip
www[.]googlephoto[.]vip
news2.hkrevolution[.]club
news.hkrevolution[.]club
www[.]facebooktoday[.]cc
www[.]hkrevolt[.]com
news.hkrevolt[.]com
movie.poorgoddaay[.]com
xxinc-media[.]oss-cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs[.]com

Related subdomains
app.hkrevolution[.]club
news.poorgoddaay[.]com
zg.poorgoddaay[.]com
ns1.poorgoddaay[.]com

Full Mobile Device Command List

change_config
exe_cmd
stop_cmd
get_phoneinfo
get_contacts
get_call_history
get_sms
delete_sms
send_sms
get_wechat_account
get_wechat_contacts
get_wechat_group
get_wechat_msg
get_wechat_file
get_location
get_location_coninuing
get_browser_history
get_dir
upload_file
download_file
delete_file
get_picture
get_video
get_audio
create_dir
rename_file
move_file
copy_file
get_app
get_process
get_wifi_history
get_wifi_nearby
call_record
call_photo
get_qq_account
get_qq_contacts
get_qq_group
get_qq_msg
get_qq_file
get_keychain
screenshot